引言　用经济视角分析贩毒集团

1．executive secretariat of the national public security system 'reports of inci-dence of crime by year 2010 in spanish at ://secretariadoejecuti-vo.gob.mx/incidencia-delictiva/incidencia-delictiva-fuero-comun.php.

2．这些粗略的数据估测来源于联合国毒品和犯罪问题研究办公室（下文简称unodc）。例如：“time for policy change against crime，not in favor of drugs，”2009，at s://www.unodc/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2009-03-11.html.

3．beau kilmer et al.,“reducing drug trafficking revenues and violence in mexico,”rand corporation occasional paper, 2010, see p.19 at ://www.rand/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/rand_op325.appendixes.pdf.

4．moisés naím, illicit: how smugglers, traffickers, and copycats are hijacking the global economy (new york: doubleday, 2005), p.68.

第一章　可卡因供应链：“蟑螂效应”和300倍利润

1．“plurinational state of bolivia, monitoring of coca cultivation 2014,”un-odc, august 2015 (in spanish), at s://www.unodc/documents/bolivia/informe_monitoreo_coca_2014/bolivia_informe_monitoreo_coca _2014.pdf.

2．“world drug report 2006,”unodc, 2007, at s://www.unodc/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2006.html.

3．see p.75 at ://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/2013_data_supplement_final2.pdf.

4．tom van riper 'the wal-mart squeeze forbes april 24 2007 at //www.forbes.com/2007/04/23/walmart-suppliers-margins-lead-cx_tvr_0423walmart.html.

5．charles fishman,“the wal-mart you don't know,”fast company, decem-ber 2003, at ://www.fastcompany.com/47593/wal-mart-you-dont-know.

6．jorge gallego and daniel rico,“manual eradication, aerial spray and coca prs in colombia,”unpublished paper, 2012, available online at ://www.mamacoca/docs_de_base/fumigas/daniel_rico_gallegojorge_manual _e-radication_aerial_sparying_and_coca_prs__2012.pdf.

7．oeindrila dube, omar garcia-ponce, and kevin thom,“from maize to haze: agricultural shocks and the growth of the mexican drug sector,”center for global de-velopment, 2014, at ://www.cgdev/sites/default/files/maize-haze-agricul-tural-shocks-growth-mexican-drug-sector_0.pdf.

8．“colombia coca cultivation survey 2005,”unodc, june 2006, see p.7 at ://www.unodc/pdf/andean/colombia_coca_survey_2005_eng.pdf.

9．“recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cocaine in seized materials,”unodc, 2012, at ://www.unodc/documents/scientific/cocaine_manual_rev_1.pdf.

10．beau kilmer and peter reuter, as quoted in foreign policy, october 2009, at ://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/16/prime-numbers-doped.

第二章　竞争与共谋：为什么合作时常胜于谋杀

1．戏剧性的是，卢皮约·里弗拉在一首有关毒枭的民谣“fifty thousand red roses”中又用了这个虚假的传闻。

2．“ciudad juarez man sentenced for eight years for bribery/drug smuggling,”us immigration and customs enforcement news release, september 15, 2008, at ht-tp://www..gov/news/releases/ciudad-juarez-man-sentenced-8-years -briberydrug-smuggling.

3．stephen s.dudley,“drug trafficking organizations in central america: trans-portistas, mexican cartels and maras,”wilson center, 2010, at ://www.wilsoncenter/sites/default/files/chapter%202-%20drug%20trafficking%20organizations%20in%20central%20america%20transportistas,%20mexican%20cartels%20and%20maras.pdf.

4．us securities and exchange commission, see p.15 at ://www.sec.gov/ar-chives/edgar/data/1467858/000146785812000014/gm201110k.htm#s8ef7834be4e777188caf1031cb30c168.

5．gianluca fiorentini and sam peltzman, eds., the economics of organised crime (cambridge: cambridge university press, 1997).

6．christina villacorte,“tattoo removal in prison gives inmates a second chance,”huffington post, september 4, 2013, at ://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/tattoo-removal-prison_n_3864222.html.

第三章　贩毒集团的人事难题：当007遇上憨豆先生

1．“the illicit drug trade in the united kingdom,”matrix knowledge group/home off, 2007, at ://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110220105210/rds.homeoff.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr2007.pdf.

2．joe palazzolo and rogerio jelmayer,“brazil files bribery charges in embraer aircraft sale to dominican republic,”wall street journal, september 23, 2014, at ht-tp://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-files-bribery-charges-in-embraer-aircraft-sale -to-dominican-republic-1411502236.

3．david skarbek, the social order of the underworld: how prison gangs govern the american prison system (oxford: oxford university press, 2014).

4．davidgrann,“the brand,”new yorker, february 2004, at ://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/02/16/the-brand.

5．“the illicit drug trade in the united kingdom,”home off, 2007.

6．melvin soudijn and peter reuter 'managing potential conflict in illegal mar-kets an exploratory study of cocaine smuggling in the netherlands 2013 at ://www.trimbos/~/media/programmas/internationalisering/further%20insights%20into%20aspects%20of%20the%20eu%20illicit%20drugs%20market.ashx.

7．charles bowden, murder city: ciudad juárez and the global economy's new killing fields (new york: nation books, 2010).

8．哈佛商学院的蔡泳瑜（roy y.j.chua）提出了一个例外，他的研究初步表明，在存在某种程度的“文化冲突”的环境中工作的人，不太可能在创造力测试中表现良好。

9．moisés naím, illicit: how smugglers, traffickers, and copycats are hijacking the global economy (new york: doubleday, 2005), p.73.

10．cited by common sense for drug policy, at ://www.csdp/research/nixonpot.txt.

11．international centre for prison studies, ://www.prisonstudies.

12．ruth maclean 'we're _disibledevent=0.

5．beau kilmer et al.,“reducing drug trafficking revenues and violence in mexico,”rand corporation occasional paper, 2010, see p.19 at ://www.rand/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/rand_op325 .appendixes.pdf.

6．'mapping marijuana economist january 20 2015 at ://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/daily-chart-11.

7．chris dolmetsch,“new york expands fight on smuggled cigarettes with ups suit,”bloomberg, february 18, 2015, at ://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-18/new-york-expands-fight-on-smuggled-cigarettes-with-ups-lawsuit.

8．“possible impact of the legalization of marijuana in the united states,”im-co, october 2012 (in spanish), at ://imco.mx/seguridad/posible_impacto_de_la_legalizacion_de_la_marihuana_en_estados_unidos.

9．sam ro,“wall street analyst argues big tobacco will soon have to answer big questions about pot,”business insider, december 10, 2014, at ://uk.businessinsider.com/rbc-analyst-on-marijuana-2014-12.

10．rachel ann barry, heikki hiilamo, and stanton glantz,“waiting for the opportune moment: the tobacco industry and marijuana legalization,”milbank quar-terly 92 (2) (2014), at ://www.milbank/uploads/documents/featured-ar-ticles/pdf/milbank_quarterly_vol-92_no-2_2014_the_tobacco_industry_and_mari-juana_legalization.pdf.

结论　为什么经济学家是最好的警察

1．kiah collier and jeremy schwartz,“dps boosts drug seizure values as it seeks more border money,”austin american-statesman, february 26, 2015, at ://www.mystatesman.com/news/news/state-regional-govt-politics/dps-boosts-drug-seizure-values-as-it-seeks-more-bo/nkkbc.

2．peter reuter, understanding the demand for illegal drugs (washington, dc: national academies press), at ://www.nap.edu/catalog/12976/understanding-the-demand-for-illegal-drugs.

3．如果确实有降价，他们降价的程度取决于供给的弹性，关于这一点的进一步的讨论，可参见2002年司法部所出版的一份关于毒品的供需弹性的论文。william rhodesetal.,“illicit drugs: pr elasticity of demand and supply,”at s://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/191856.pdf.

4．基恩所谓的“危险的南瓜节”，可参见我勇敢无畏的同事jon fasman在2014年5月22日于《经济学人》所做的报道“cops or soldiers？”，at ://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21599349-americas-pol-have-become-too-militarised-cops-or-soldiers.

5．'the benefits and costs of drug use prevention rand corporation research brief 1999 at ://www.rand/pubs/research_briefs/rb6007/index1.html.

6．quoted by thalif deen,“un body praises peru, bolivia for slashing output,”inter press serv, march 7, 2000, at ://www.ipsnews.net/2000/03/drugs-un-body-praises-peru-bolivia-for-slashing-output.

7．un press release,“unodc reports steep decline in cocaine production in co-lombia,”june 19, 2009, at ://www.unodc/unodc/en/press/releases/2009/june/unodc-reports-steep-decline-in-cocaine-production-in-colombia.html.

8．moisés naím, illicit: how smugglers, traffickers, and copycats are hijacking the global economy (new york: doubleday, 2005), p.80.

9．“war on drugs: report of the global commission on drug policy,”june 2011, at ://www.globalcommissionondrugs/wp-content/themes/gcdp_v1/pdf/global_commission_report_english.pdf.

10．***和霍德尔曼1972年3月12日在总统办公室的谈话，at ://www.csdp/research/nixonpot.txt.